Woofun AI data shows that approximately 31% of Ethereum node activity is concentrated in the United States, with 39% located across the European Union, indicating a Western-centric distribution pattern. The Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance report highlights centralization risks tied to heavy reliance on Hetzner, AWS, and OVH hosting providers.

The analysis warns that simultaneous offline status for more than one-third of validators would halt network checkpoint finalization.

Additionally, post-merge annual energy consumption is estimated at 7.9 gigawatt-hours, representing a 99.98% reduction from pre-merge levels, with over 56% sourced from sustainable energy and carbon offset costs ranging between $33,500 and $73,800.